UNIX_Tutorial

Unix和Linux的基本指令
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/

Introduction

内核(Kernel): 分配时钟和内存给程序和处理文件存储以及系统交互
Shell:用户和内核的命令交互
UNIX中要么时文件，要么是程序

Tutorial One & Two

ls -a
pwd

// search sci in file.txt
// Method 1
less file.txt
/sci  

// Method 2
grep sci file.txt //-i mean 'ignore up/low case'

wc -l file.txt  // count line in file.txt

clear // clean monitor

Tutorial Three & Four

cat > list1  // output to list1
cat >> list1 // append to list1
cat list1 list2 > biglist // concat list1 and list2 to biglist

sort < biglist > slist // sort biglist and output to slist
command1 | command2  // pipe the output of command1 to the input of command2

ls list*
ls ?list

// getting help
man wc

Command	Meaning
command > file	redirect standard output to a file
command >> file	append standard output to a file
command < file	redirect standard input from a file
command1 | command2	pipe output of command1 to input of command2
who	list users currently logged

Tutorial Five & Six

ls -l

-rwxrw-r-- 1 ee51ab beng95 2450 Sept29 11:52 file1

// read/write/execute rights in owner/group/everyone
// file_size time file_name

chmod a+x ex // add permission to execute ex to all

Symbol	Meaning
u	user
g	group
o	other
a	all
r	read
w	write and delete
x	execute and access directory
+	add permission
-	take away permission

summary of process control

foreground: terminal suspend and wait
background: terminal can go on

Command	Meaning
ls -lag	list access rights for all files
chmod [options] file	change access rights for named file
command &	run command in background
^C	kill the job running in the forground
^Z	suspend the job running in the foreground
jobs	list current jobs
bg %2	background the suspended job
fg %1	foreground job number 1
kill %1	kill job number 1
ps	list current processes
kill 310	kill process id 310

df .  // report space left on the file system
ls -lh
gzip
gunzip  // unzip
tar -xvf .tar // extract
diff file1 file2  // < denotes file1, > denotes file2

history // terminal history
!! // recall last command
!-3 // recall third most recent command
!grep // recall last command starting with grep

Tutorial Seven & Eight

Install software:

1. Locate and download the source code(which is usually compressed)
2. Unpack the source code
3. Compile the code(Most difficult)
4. Install the resulting executable
5. Set paths to the installation directory

make:manage large programs and only compiling those parts changed
Makefile: record the related make rules, contains information on how to compile the software.

Some simplest way to compile a package:

1. cd to the directory containing the packages’ source code.
2. Type ./configure to configure the package for your system
3. Type make to compile the package
4. Optionally, type make check to run any self0tests that come with the package.
5. Type make install to install the programs and any data files and documentation.
6. Optionally, type make clean to remove the program binaries and object files from the source code directory.

UNIX variables

two categories: Environment variables, Shell variables
Shell variables: apply only to the current instance of shell and set short-term working conditions.
Environment variables: system environment with UPPER CASE name

echo $PATH // print system environment
set PATH=($PATH ~/new_path/)  // add path to PATH